Public Opinion and policy Essay Example for Free

Public popular picture and policy EssayIn Public picture Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice, Rosalee Clawson and Zoe Oxley interpret open opinion as an individuals depressions and preferences in regards to all g ein truthwherenmental matters and policies.(424) These individual caprices collectively atomic number 18 go steadyed as the general populations opinions summarized and can be reflected by a poll. By collecting these opinions through the polling process, lawmakers are apparent to do these opinions into consideration when creating and/or regulating a policy. In 1824 The Harrisburg Pennsylvanian newspaper conducted one much(prenominal) poll where the readers were asked to return a postcard with their opinion about the presidential campaigners Andrew Jackson or whoremonger Quincy Adams. Jackson won the poll as good as the eventual election.(Franklin) This style of opinion polling has change magnitude over the years and evolved into a much refined and accu rate representation of the man. For in positioning, instead of submitting an untrace satisfactory, anonymous postcard, bulk are instead asked to submit a survey and are required to submit some individualized information, which bequeath remain anonymous, in order to prevent the chance of someone submitting more than one survey. cod to the availability of the telesounds and the internet, we are able to survey a larger and more diverse group of citizens which will allow for more accurate imports. As voters, we are able to have some control over who represents our opinions as well as who we believe will make decisions that are truly for the betterment of the spate and society. By understanding the five linkage rides established by Norman Luttbeg (Robert Kent, 20-21) we are able to arrest how public opinion can s demeanor the formulation of a public policy.1. The Rational-Activist Model assumes that all select citizens are level-headed, informed, involved and governmentally ac tive individuals. This model presents the idea that if vocalizations do non make decisions to requite the demands of the tribe, past the hatful will re emplacement that representative. This model is the least plausibly to be apparent since the majority of the public does not keep close tabs on political actions. The largest flaw with this model is that we are assumptive all voters are educated and rational about a particular issue and/or candidate.2. The policy- qualification Parties Model takes place when an individual has an overall agreement with the ideals of an individual company. Citizens identify with a company whose overall attitude and beliefs mesh with their own. A major flaw within this model is the idea that representatives feelpressured to take actions that are for the betterment of the party but not always for the individual citizen.3. The Interest Groups Model establishes that the public can express their opinions to lawmakers by forming a group who will adv ocate for a collective cause. The groups place pressure on the lawmakers and parties electorally by rallying behind those that will publicly promote them. As well as monetarily by donating funds to those individuals and/or parties. By understanding this particular model we are able to see the likelihood of one group being more represented than another in society. This would fashion strife among the throng as the group who is the least wealthy would be more likely to be underrepresented even though that group could contain a more accurate representation of the overall public opinion.4. The Delegate Model maintains that a representative is elected based on the candidates values but not necessarily their stance on the issues. This model varies from the Rational Activist model in that it places more province on the candidate to follow the opinions of the constituency or face being re fit(p) and not place the responsibility on the public to educate themselves. While the Delegate Model and the Rational Activist Model are very similar the key difference is in noting that this model places more pressure on a candidate to follow their constituencys ideas even if the candidate believes that other options would be in the best interest of the constituents.5. The communion Model speaks on the idea that a representative will act on their own belief that may not be in complete alignment with their constituency but referable to the unlikelihood that the lawmaker will go directly against their constituency they are still placing public opinion in their favor. This model irresistibly displays that a representatives values and character may go up more into consideration with a voter than that representatives stance on a particular issue. (WK 2008) When we say population we are referring to a large mass of people that represent the summation of a geographical area. (Robert Kent, 28) Population can be that of a country, state, city or even a university leading to extremely large groups of people that would take too much clock clock to poll individually.Within any given population we take assays, collect selective information from a component of a population in an effort to estimate the overall opinions of the collective group. Within these subsets of populations the results may not be a completely accurate reflection of the overall population. Religion,race and income are factors that can greatly sway the outcome but just about instances are unintentional. (US History) A biased sample is where there has been a methodical selection of the participants in an effort to achieve a planned outcome. An unintentional occurrence talent take place with a telephone sampling. The University of Texas at Austin elaborated on this bias in regards to telephone sampling. For instance, if the amount of people who are without phones, or those who simply dont answer the phone are not considered this can greatly skew the results. Truly random samplings are where th e participants are fighting(a) solely due to chance and where every varying subset of citizens has an equal chance to be selected. (Rosalee Zoe, 29-30) A sample will very rarely get the exact roles as it is highly likely that they will run away a group of people since the entire population is not participating and we are taking littler groups to represent the entirety.The confidence level is a mathematical probability measure that tells us how reliable our data is in terms of accuracy. We keep this probability to a manageable occur by keeping the number of individuals polled low. Polls are kept to less than 1,000 respondents due to the margin of error as well as the fact that the accuracy improves only marginally with larger samples. (Robert Kent 30) The 1936 poll conducted by Literacy Digest proclaimed that the republican candidate was likely to be the overwhelming winner of the Presidential election when in actuality it was Franklin Delano Roosevelt that won the prognostica te for President. Seeing as how this poll was conducted at a time where the majority of people were dealing with the supposeing of the stock market crash and the subsequent great depression we can infer that the majority of the people polled were people who had the funds to subscribe to a weekly magazine, owned a telephone and possibly an automobile. The republican candidate was projected to be the winner most likely due to the affluent Republican participants of the survey. During this same election George Gallups American Institute of Public Opinion did project the winner to be Franklin Delano Roosevelt, which placed the Gallup poll into the spotlight. It is believed that the Gallup poll was able to accurately predict the outcome due to their preference of using a smaller and more diverse sample. (Polling the Nations)Ideologies are the beliefs of an individual about the various social, cultural, political and economic operations within a society. An individual forms opinions ba sed on their beliefs, life experience, genetics and many a(prenominal) factors that as a whole make up their political ideology. (Rosalee Zoe, p62) The liberal ideology is based on the beliefs that government preventative in economic matters, as well as a basic belief in the equating of the people. While a conservatives ideology is based on the beliefs that there should be minimal government preventative in all matters, as well as an emphasis on tradition and individual responsibility. (Robert Kent, p72-73)thither are five main influences that will affect how a soulfulness finds their ideology family, gender, religion, ethnicity, and/or region. all(prenominal) of these influences will combine, influencing the opinions and beliefs of the citizen. Since a person develops opinions based on the experiences and knowledge they have developed over the racetrack of their lives, there can be instances where a person can completely flip-flop on their reliable ideals as time progres ses and while this is highly unlikely it is still possible.( Pelin, Erik, Jackie) For instance, a person who grew up in an affluential conservative household may find as they get older and more independent that their view of the world is vastly different from that of their families. This can also lead to strife amongst families in instances where there is an apparent divide on the ideals. A person who is witness to the exchange of ideas mingled with the opposing sides is likely to be influenced by the attitudes and opinions of the people while also comparing those individuals ideals to their behaviors, character, and reliability.Conservatives and Liberals have very different ideological standpoints and many Americans tend to lean towards one or the other in regards to their ad hominem beliefs toward public policy making and governing styles. However, it has been discovered that the majority of the present American public do not identify themselves as adhering to one strict ideolo gy but instead place themselves somewhere in the middle. (Robert Kent, p83) Conservatives have the highest percentage of individuals who are strict ideologues. (Gallup-a) But there are many individuals from either side that can be uncompromisingin their ideals and take their truth as the one and only truth.In understanding a persons chosen ideology we are faced with an interesting fact that while most people tend to identify themselves as conservative, the overall majority of the public tends to vote more liberally. (John, 2014) Conservatives are ideologically defined by their strict adherence to traditional values and practices as well as their support for little to no governmental regularization and their emphasis on individual citizens taking personal responsibility. Liberals are alternatively defined by their belief that the government should be active in the regulation of the people in order to protect the citizens from the possibility of unequal and discriminatory actions. ( Rosalee Zoe, p134) Liberals are also recognise by their beliefs in the overall equality of citizens, protection of liberties and progressive thinking that is based on the idea that there is overall an essential goodness to the mass populous. While there are vast differences between these opposing sides, it is possible to see how a person may agree with a conservative view of government while simultaneously believing in the humanist attributes of the liberal view.Individuals will usually develop an allegiance to a particular party (typically Democrat or Republican, though many other political parties have emerged), or will categorize themselves as being an independent of a specific party affiliation. An individuals party identification gives us a better idea on how that person will vote in elections as people tend to follow their elected partys specific views on an issue as well as electorally support a political leader of the party, but that is not always the case. troupe identi fication has been described as being a psychological identification, or being the way an individual has come to their current attitudes towards public policy by way of their individual life experience, that will continue to influence how new information is processed. (Thomas Geoffrey)If we were to question an individuals likelihood to remain a steady voter for one particular party, the Michigan Model possibleness will give us such a theory to go on as this model emphasizes an individuals party attachment ispredominately stable. One noticeable flaw in this theory is if a party were to change their stance on an issue that overwhelmingly goes against the beliefs or ideals of the individual, the voter may then vote against the party if not possibly switch parties altogether. But this is unlikely as the voter is more likely to respond to the performances of their elected representatives than to their ideologies alone. (Harold, David, Marianne Paul)By looking at the present day Republi can Party we are able to see they are typically very conservative in their views, which may be why more and more religious people vote in accordance with this party. The Republican party favors towards older, affluent and white males while the Democratic party tends to be more diverse. The Democratic Party contains a very diverse group of people and is weighted in the areas of women, race and sexual orientation. (Gallup-b) The majority of younger Americans also identifies with the Democratic Party. By seeing the makeup of these parties we can deduce that it is likely the Democrats are representative of a new school wave that is pushing for a more liberalistic approach. (Adam, 2014)The presidential flattery rating is one of the main political opinion polls taken and focused on by the media. This ranking shows whether the public generally approves or disapproves of the job performance of the person holding Americas highest office. In studying the inconsistent falls and climbs of the approval rating there have been certain trends believed to be the cause of some high points during a presidential term. (Rosalee Zoe, 109) The honeymoon effect is the first trend that will take place during the days afterwards a President takes office. This effect refers to the initial phase after the swearing in of the president into the office. Since this man is entering office with a clean sheet, and has recently come off of an approval high as evidenced by his election, people are more likely to be optimistic towards actions taken by the president. Eventually there will come a time where a problem is encountered and the presidents plan of action will no doubtedly upset a cluster of people. After this point there can be varying reasons for the day-to-day rising and falling of the approval rating. (Robert Kent, 120)In some instances a presidents rating can climb when the nation has been confronted with a outside event that involves America and possibly a crisis for the Ameri can people. This idea is referred to as the rally round the ease up effect. Robert Erikson and Kent Tedin write in American Public Opinion (121) this effect is likely to occur due to the swear of the American people to feel united behind a leader. One of the most accurate examples of this would be the attitude of the American people after the attacks that took place on 9/11 and the subsequent skyrocketing in the approval ratings for President George W. Bush. Upon deeper evaluation of this occurrence when there is more of a relative calming of the people and the effects of war, both financially as well as the casualties incurred, the approval ratings are then cognitive content to drop, one could say when reality sets in. (Rosalee Zoe, 111)The final source for the possible explanations behind drastic increases and decreases in a presidential approval rating is the state of the economy. An economy that is poorly performing will likely result in low approval ratings for the Presiden t and a prosperous economy to increase the approval rating. tally to Kevin Hoover in his article Phillips Curve, during a low economic point there will be higher rates of unemployment and inflation. These two factors can have a substantial and negative equal on an individuals livelihood. President Obama was elected during a time of economic strife due to many factors including a housing market crash as well as the weighing constitute of the War on Terror. Even though Obama was not in the Presidential office during the intrusion of the war, nor was he to blame for the inevitable housing market crash, his approval rating suffered due to the onset of these events aftereffects.BibliographyRobert S. Erikson and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion, New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2011 Rosalee A. Clawson and Zoe M. Oxley, Public Opinion Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice. Washington D.C., 2013 The University of Texas at Austin. bias Sampling and Extrapolation. operate mo dified August 28, 2012.https//www.ma.utexas.edu/users/mks/statmistakes/biasedsampling.html Pelin Kesebir, Erik Phillips, Jackie Anson, Tom Pyszczynski, Matt Motyl, ideologic Consistency across the semipolitical Spectrum Liberals are More Consistent but Conservatives Become More Consistent When Coping with Existential holy terror (February 11, 2013). http//ssrn.com/abstract=2215306John Sides, Why Most Conservatives are Secretly Liberals, The Washington Post, March 6, 2014. http//www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/06/why-most-conservatives-are-secretly-liberals/ Gallup-a. Conservatives Remain the Largest Ideological Group in U.S. Last modified January 12, 2012. http//www.gallup.com/poll/152021/conservatives-remain-largest-ideological-group.aspx Gallup-b. Democrats Racially Diverse Republicans Mostly White Last modified February 8, 2013 http//www.gallup.com/poll/160373/democrats-racially-diverse-republicans-mostly-white.aspx US History. American Political Attitudes a nd Participation What Factors Shape Political Attitudes? Last modified January, 2013.http//www.ushistory.org/gov/4b.aspChristopher Ellis and James A. Stimson, Pathways to Ideology in American Politics the Operational-Symbolic Paradox Revisitedhttp//www.unc.edu/jstimson/Working_Papers_files/Pathways.pdf Harold D. Clarke, David Sanders, Marianne C. Stewart and Paul Whitely, The Dynamics of Party Identification, in Political Choice in Britain, edited by Harold D. Clarke (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2004), 185-186. https//www.essex.ac.uk/bes/bookfiles/Sanders-ch06.pdfFranklin Marshall College. The First Political Poll. Last modified June 18, 2002. http//www.fandm.edu/politics/politically-uncorrected-column/2002-politically-uncorrected/the-first-political-poll WK, Ph.D. Candidate, The Role of Salience on the Relationship between Public Policy and Public Opinion (Paper prepared for DC AAPOR Student Paper Competition, December 12, 2008) http//www.dc-aapor.org/documents/spc08wk.pdf